{"id":10217,"date":"2022-12-05T15:30:39","date_gmt":"2022-12-05T14:30:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nllanguagep-bali.savviihq.com\/?p=10217"},"modified":"2025-06-18T14:05:12","modified_gmt":"2025-06-18T12:05:12","slug":"u-or-jij","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/languagepartners.nl\/en\/blog\/learning\/u-or-jij\/","title":{"rendered":"U or JIJ? TU or VOUS? DU or SIE? Which one do you use?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ever call someone sir or ma&#8217;am only to get asked, or told, not to? In America, people are sometimes offended when addressed formally as sir or ma&#8217;am as it implies they are of a certain age. Depending on where you\u2019re from or what language(s) you speak, your connection to formal and informal language might differ from others. To make for an easy start, we\u2019ll look at a list of formal and informal versions of the word \u2018you\u2019 in several languages.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Formal and Informal use of you in Dutch, English, French and German<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Informal:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">German &#8211; \u2018du\u2019 or the plural \u2018ihr\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">French &#8211; tu and sometimes vous<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dutch &#8211; jij or jullie<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">English &#8211; you, you all, or y\u2019all<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Note, in French, vous is both the singular and plural version of you. When used as a singular, it is always formal. When used as a plural it is contextually dependent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Formal:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">German &#8211; Sie<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">French &#8211; Vous<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dutch &#8211; u<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">English &#8211; You<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Note, in English, pronouns are avoided in formal situations when possible.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">German and French heavily feature formal language and their cultures display that as well. English has very little formal language, instead relying on grammar to indicate when a conversation or situation is formal or not. In the United States the culture is typically informal, featuring a lot of slang and colloquial approaches to communication. Somewhere in between are the Dutch. While the language has formal structures, the culture is mostly informal. Knowing when a context calls for a formal or informal approach is key to avoiding causing offence and putting you at ease in another language.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>When to use formal or informal language<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the biggest differences between the two approaches is that formal language is much less personal than informal. This is because formal language is typically used when addressing those who are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">older than you<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in a position of authority<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a stranger or acquaintance<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when writing a professional or legal document or message<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Knowing when to use Informal language is typically clear. If you\u2019re engaging with people who you have a close connection with, such as close friends and family, use informal language.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formal language, however, requires a more scope of cultural knowledge. For example, In Germany and France formal language is always used in the contexts mentioned above. In the Netherlands, the use of formal language has lessened.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to the liberal nature of Dutch society, it is not always clear when formal or informal language is called for. It is still quite common for seniors or those in positions of authority to be addressed formally, while a CEO might be addressed informally or even by their first name. However, a Judge or Minister would be spoken to using formal language. Someone in a service role will usually start with formal language, if you wanted to switch to informal, they would typically follow suit. Additionally, when asking a stranger for directions, the conversation would likely start formally, though the person being stopped would often direct the dialogue back to informal language. If you\u2019re not sure if you should address someone formally or not, feel free to start formal and pay attention to if they direct the conversation the other way.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Formal language in English<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In English speaking countries, such as the United States, there are no words that are specifically used for formal conversations. Instead, grammar and non-verbal cues are used when formality is called for. Formal approaches would typically be applied in situations where you want to demonstrate respect to those who are not very close to you. For example, you might speak formally in an interview, with a senior, to your boss, or depending on your view of authority, police and other officials. It is much less common for Americans to speak formally to a stranger. Sometimes British English can sound more formal than American. This can be seen in the use of verbs such as \u2018shall\u2019 instead of \u2018will\u2019 or \u2018should\u2019.\u00a0 In both versions of the langage, formal English is typically made up of longer sentences with perfect grammar. Some examples on how to differentiate between the two are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abbreviations are not used in formal language, though acronyms are typically allowed when their meaning is common knowledge. For example, NASA or SCUBA would be acceptable while an abbreviation such as OMG or LOL would not.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Slang or other colloquial language is not used in formal settings. Words or titles such as dude or y\u2019all are avoided, as are colloquial phrases, including idioms, such as \u2018that\u2019s water under the bridge\u2019.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contractions, such as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">doesn\u2019t<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">won\u2019t <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">should be replaced with \u2018<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">does not<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019 or \u2018<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">will not<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019 in formal settings.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When a sentence could be shortened, through a different verb or any of the above, this is another indicator of formal language. For example: They will be attending a meeting tomorrow vs they\u2019ll go to a meeting tomorrow.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Differences in approach to formality leads to confusion when engaging with another style. In Germany and France, it is best to be cautious, using formal language unless you\u2019re speaking with a close friend or family member. In the Netherlands, you should also start with the formal approach, though it is quite likely that the conversation will shift to informal. In America, unless you really want to show extra respect, it is normal to speak informally. The Dutch are accepting of mistakes, so if you\u2019re not sure if a situation calls for formal or informal it is ok to revert to informal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Interested in learning more? Take a look at our complete <a href=\"https:\/\/languagepartners.nl\/en\/language-courses\/\">language training<\/a> offer, or check out our <a href=\"https:\/\/languagepartners.nl\/en\/language-courses\/business-english-en\/\">English<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/languagepartners.nl\/en\/language-courses\/nt2-course\/\">Dutch<\/a> offers today!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ever call someone sir or ma&#8217;am only to get asked, or told, not to? In America, people are sometimes offended when addressed formally as sir or ma&#8217;am as it implies they are of a certain age. Depending on where you\u2019re from or what language(s) you speak, your connection to formal&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":10218,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[159,322],"tags":[277,332,274,401,404,403,402,346,407,239,288,408,406,409,405],"class_list":["post-10217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","category-learning","tag-british-english","tag-dutch","tag-english","tag-formal-language","tag-french","tag-german","tag-informal-language","tag-intercultural-communication","tag-jij","tag-language-en","tag-learning","tag-tou","tag-u","tag-vous","tag-you"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>U or JIJ? TU or VOUS? DU or SIE? 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